Jewish Children of France During World War II

 

Jewish Children of France Durring World War II

The Association of Hidden Children of France

Emfants Cahces 1940-1944

 

Introduction

In 1933, Adolf Hitler comes to power in Germany on an ideological platform centered on "the Jewish threat." This is to remain his major propaganda theme. After he starts invading Europe in 1938, he will continue the systematic and obsessive persecution of Jews, with the help of collaborators in the occupied countries.

Starting in the thirties, France adopts discriminatory policies directed against "undesirable" foreigners, including Jews. A law passed on 2 May 1938 allows the placement of foreigners in designated residences which then become detention centers in November 1938.

French antisemitism in the thirties is mostly verbal, but it grows increasingly virulent. Thus, when the Germans invade France in June 1940, conditions are ripe for accommodating the Germans' wishes. In a show of authority, the puppet goverment of Maréchal Philippe Pétain anticipates the occupiers' wishes by enacting a decree on "The Status of Jews," dated 3 October 1940. The ever-accelerating persection of Jews is launched. It is these darkest hours of this painful period that anonymous men and women of great courage come to the fore, risking their lives to save Jewish children. Various organizations hide and thereby save save ten to twelve thousand children. About 50,000 are hidden individually, with or without family members. The children, often separated from their parents, must at times change their identities, their religion, and their hiding places.

Despite these efforts, 11,000 children and adolescents under 18 are deported from France, never to return.

The objective of this booklet is to present, in few words, a factual account of the major developments affecting the fate of Jewish children in France during World War II.

Please keep in mind:

- the Hebrew word "Shoah" was adopted in France, following the showing of the film by Claude Lanzmann of the same name, to denote the destruction of the Jewish population; it replaces the incorrect term "Holocaust" which means a burnt sacifice to the Gods.

- at the start of the war, the Jewish population of France was about 320,000 people, of which circa 70,000 were children under 15.

-under the terms of the Armistice, signed by France on 22 June 1940, the country is divided into two parts, separated by a Line of Demarcation into an Occupied Zone and Unoccupied ("Free") Zone. After the landing of the Allies in North Africa, in November 1942, the Germans and their Italian collaborators take over all of France, thereby abolishing the "Free" Zone.

- after the Italian surrender to the Allies, on 8 September 1943, the Italian occupiers withdraw from the territory they held and the Germans occupy all of France.

On page 10, a map shows the camps operating in France and the zones of occupation. The organizations mentioned throughout the text are identified and explained on page 19. A short list of suggested readings is presented on page 20.

Sources: - Serge Klarsfeld: The Calendar of Jewish Persecutions in France The Memorial of Jewish Children Deported from France - Newsletters (1993-2001) "Enfants Cachés"

3

Major Events in the History of the Jewish Children

- 9 November 1938: Kristallnacht. In the aftermath of the pogrom known as the "Night of Broken Glass," some children from Germany and Austria are accepted by several countries, France among them.

- October 1940: Children from Baden and from the Palatinate are deported from Germany to France with their familes; they are interned in the camp of Gurs.

- 6 June 1942: Jews over the age of 6 living in the Occupied Zone must wear the yellow star on their clothing.

- 16 and 17 July 1942: rounded-up by the French police of Jews in the Occupied Zone. They are detained in a place known as the Vel'd'hiv'*. The children are arrested with their parents, then separated and deported alone.

- Beginning in July 1942: children are kept under detention in children's homes run by the Union Générale des Israélites de France (UGIF), the Nazi-organized Jewish agency. (see page 19)

- 26 August 1942: major round-up of Jews in the Unoccupied ("Free") Zone; children are interned with or without their families in camps located in the Free Zone.

- Summer 1942: Children are hidden by or with their parents or through the efforts of several organizations; some children are saved when they are released from camps in the Unoccupied Zone.

- 1942/1943: deportations increase and persections intensity.

- Among the last deportations of children from France: those from the home at Izieu in April 1944 and from the UGIF homes in July 1944.

- After the Liberation of France, the orphans of deported parents are placed in children's homes.

* a popular abbreviation for Vélodrome d'hiver, an enclosed cycling track

  4

Beginnings

Following the antisemitic outbreaks on 9 November 1938 in Germany — the Night of Broken Glass — Jewish organizations plan the departure of more than 10,000 children,

After the Night of Broken Glass

mostly to England but also to Belgium, Holland, and France which accepts several hundred children in 1939. These convoys are known by their German name "Kindertransport."

Gurs, the First Camp with Children

Starting on 23 May 1940 — before the Armistice — 9,000 refugee women of German and Austrian origin, half of them Jewish, are interned with their children by the French as "enemy aliens" in the camp of Gurs, in southern France.

On 24 October 1940 — after the Armistice — 6,500 Jews from Baden and the Palatinate deported by the Germans are interned by the French in Gurs, now in the Unoccupied Zone.

These are the first internments of Jewish children in France.

5

First Arrests

The French police round up men in the Occupied Zone on 14 May 1941, on 20-25 of August 1941, and on 12 December 1941. The men are incarcerated at Beaune-la-Rolande, Pithiviers, Drancy, and Compiègne, while the women and children are left behind without any means of support.

The Infamous Star

Beginning on 6 June 1942 in the Occupied Zone, Jews over the age of 6 must wear a yellow star with the word "Juif" (Jew) sewn on the left side of the garment

France is littered with camps from the north to the south (see page 10).

- major ones such as Drancy, Gurs Rivesaltes, Pithiviers, Compiègne.

- smaller ones such as La Lande Poitiers, Mérignac, Douadic

- camps for foreigners known as GTE (Groupement de Travailleurs Étrangers) which serve as work camps and assembly points

- and other facilities used as detention centers:

hotels such as the Bompard in Marseilles...

camps run by "Social Services to Foreigners" (SSE, Service Social des Étrangers) such as the Hotel des Marquisats in Annecy...

hospitals such as Saint Jean and Saint Louis in Perpignan...

sports stadia such as the Stadium in Pau...

military barracks such as Les Tourelles in Paris, Cafrelli in Toulouse...

and prisons in most cities.

Starting with the arrests in the summer of 1942, children can be found in virtually all these places.

  6

The Deportation of Children

On 16 and 17 July 1942, the French police arrest nearly 13,000 Jews in Paris.

The "Vel' d'hiv'"

More than 8,000 people, half of them children, are held in a sports arena known as the "Vel' d'hiv'"* for several days, under deteriorating conditions.

The Jewish population realizes that men are no longer the only ones in danger.

Police chief René Bousquet orders the arrests of women and children as well. Families are transferred to Pithiviers and Beaune-la-Rolande.

After a brutal separation, the fathers are the first to be deported, ostensibly to prepare new residences for their families.

Next, the children — including the very young ones — are torn from their mothers by the French police.

Then it is the mothers' turn to be deported, alone.

4,134 children — several hundred under the age of five — stay behind, abandoned in the camps. Transported to Drancy, they are deported several weeks later to Auschwitz without parents. None will survive.

(see note * page 3)

The Massive Round-up in the "Free" Zone

A massive round-up is launched in the Unoccupied ("Free") Zone between 26 and 28 August 1942. Whole families find themselves in the camps located in southern France: Gurs, Nexon, Mérignac, les Milles, Noé, Rivesaltes, Septfonds, Vénissieux, Le Vernet, etc.

During the arrests and deportations in the summer of 1942, Pierre Laval, Prime Minister of the Vichy government declares: "...The children must stay with their parents... not a single one must remain in France". The possibility of sparing the Jewish children is not even considered.

7

The Deportation of Children

Arrests and deportations follow one another in all of France. From 1942 to the liberation of Paris (25 August 1944), eleven thousand children are deported to their deaths. The Vichy government is just as responsible for these actions as the Nazis, whose wishes it anticipates with zeal. The children are incarcerated and then deported, piled into cattle cars, toward a destination the French authorities could not possibly have been ignorant of.

The Germans relentlessly continue the deportation of Jews until their are forced out of France. Even in 1944, between January and the liberation of Paris in August, they deport about 2,400 children.

Amidst the routine of deportations from France, we sadly recall three well-known events.

The Children of Izieu

On 6 April 1944, a Jewish children's home located in an isolated village, Izieu, is raided on orders of Klaus Barbie, the Gestapo* chief in Lyon.

With just one exception, the 44 children in residence and the staff are arrested and imprisoned in the Montluc fortress, in Lyon. The next day they are transferred to Drancy.

On 13 April, 34 of the children are deported to Auschwitz in Convoy 71.

The others follow shortly thereafter.

* German police

  8

The Deportation of Children

After the round-ups and arrests known as " Vel' d'hiv' ", many children are left alone, either because they were not at home during the raids, or their name was not on the list of wanted Jews, or because they were hidden at the last moment by their parents in the apartment or with neighbors, or, sometimes, because they held French citizenship.

The UGIF Children

At that point, homes for the children left alone are opened in Paris and in the suburbs, to be known as the "UGIF homes." The Union Générale des Israélites de France had been created in November 1941 on orders of the Germans as a means to coordinate and control the Jewish organizations. By providing welfare assistance to the homes, the Nazis placed UGIF in the involuntary role of informer, through access to the children's records.

The UGIF homes are named according to their locations: Secrétan-Lamarck, Guy Patin, Vauqelin, École Israélite du Travail (Jewish School for Trades, incorporated into ORT after the war) on rue des Rosiers in Paris, Louveciennes, La Varenne, Montreuil, Saint-Mandé, Neuilly. They also take in children released from the camps, and others left by destitute and confused parents.

The Gestapo thus develops a list of Jews available to fill up its convoys.

*cf page 7

9

The Deportation of Children

The first round-up of children taken from several UGIF homes takes place on 10 Febuary 1943. The people in charge had failed to make any arrangements to save the children. Even worse: according to The Calendar of the Deportations by French historian Serge Klarsfeld, on 13 July 1943, the UGIF Council informs the directors of their children's homes in the Paris region that "the German authorities urgently request the complete list of children currently in our centers, whether their presence is recorded or not."

Conversely, a few individuals within the UGIF organization, helped by members of the Resistance, arrange for the escape of some children.

On 20 July 1944, while the German troops are in full retreat, Gestapo Chief Alois Brünner orders the deportation of 232 children from the homes.

They leave Drancy in Convoy 77, on 31 July 1944.

Bullenhuser Damm

After the Liberation of France, after the deportations stopped, children already deported from France and still living are subjected to further atrocities in Germany.

Jaqueline Morgenstern, age 12, had been deported in Convoy 74 on 20 May 1944. Georges-André Kohn, age 12, had been deported in Convoy 79 on 12 August 1944, just one week before the Liberation of Paris. (Alois Brünner, the terrifying executioner who earned his medals in Berlin, Austria, Salonica, Nice, and Drancy had organized this last convoy in which he himself fled as the Allies advanced).

During the night of 20-21 April 1945, Jacqueline and Georges-André are murdered along with 18 other Jewish children in the cellar of a school on Bullenhuser Damn in Hamburg, Germany.

The youngest child is five years old, the oldest twelve.

These children had been used in pseudo-medical experiments conducted by an SS doctor, Kurt Heissmeyer.

As the Allies advance, the Nazis cover up the traces of their crimes.

  10

France, a Country of Camps

  12

Rescue

In the Occupied Zone, following the Vel' d'hiv' raids in July 1942, Jews try to save themselves by any means: acquiring false papers and ration cards, seeking more secure shelter, or crossing Demarcation Line — all of which are fraught with mortal danger.

Depending on their resources or connections, parents hide their children with them or with someone else. In some cases they are helped by neighbors, concierges, teachers. When arrested, the mothers sense their fait. They try to pry their children loose from the police and entrust them to people in the neighborhood. The arrests and deportations of mothers and children make a deep impression on the French population.

By this time, Jewish, Catholic, Protestant and secular organizations participate in the rescue of children. The work calls for rescuers and money.

Occupied Zone : the Escape

An American Jewish organization, known as the JOINT (American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, still operational today), provides funding via a tortuous route that winds through Switzerland. Paradoxically, to run its homes, UGIF receives a portion of the assests stolen from Jews. But thanks to personal acts of resistance within the UGIF organization, some of the money is diverted to support children in hiding. Despite the dangers, underground rescue networks are activated to place children in clandestine locations; among the participants are the Bund, la Colonie scolaire, la Petite République at Sèvres, the UJRE, OSE, EIF, Father Devaux, WIZO...*

* see page 19 for identification and explanation of the organizations.

13

Rescue

In the period between the start of the war in September 1939 and the end of 1940, several organizations open homes for Jewish children, primarily as shelters for the children they manage to get released from camps. Some examples, among many others (see explanation page 19):

"Free" Zone : the Children's Homes

OSE: Chabannes, Chaumont, and Le Masgelier in the Creuse départment*, Mountinin and Limoges in the Haute-Vienne, St. Raphaël in the Var, Broût-Vernet in the Allier, etc.

EIF: Moissac in the Tarn-et-Garonne département, Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne in the Corrèze.

Secours Suisse aux Enfants: La Hille in Ariège département, Bonyuls in the Pyrénées-Orientales, etc.

CIMADE and Quakers at Chambon-sur-Lignon in the Haute-Loire département, etc.

Before the deportations of August 1942, CIMADE, EIF, OSE, Quakers, Secours Suisse aux Enfants and others manage to win the release of some children from the camps at Gurs and Rivesaltes.

About one hundred children are rescued in late August 1942 in mid-deportation from Vénissieux to Drancy, through the concerted efforts of Amitié Chrétienne, CIMADE, OSE, EIF, and UJRE.

* an administrative region

  14

Rescue

As early as 26 March 1941, Pastor Marc Bœgner writes to Admiral François Darlan, head of the Vichy government, to condemn the anti-Jewish Statutes: "The State has broken formal commitments made to men and women, the vast majority of whom served it loyally and without seeking any benefits."

Religious Institutions

Following this intervention, Protestant clergymen, aware of the persecution of the Jews, extend a helping hand to Jewish organizations.

Children are welcomed in the south of France in the Land of the Camisards, home to Protestants persecuted in the XVI-XVIIth centuries.

After the first deportations from the "Free" Zone*, Bishop Jules-Gérard Saliège of Toulouse and Bishop Pierre-Marie Théas of Montauban publicly issue pastoral letters, speaking out stronglyy against the cruel fate awaiting the Jews. Their stand opens the doors of welcome to many Jewish children in Catholic institutions and with Catholic families.

After the invasion of all of France on 11 November 1942, the children in Jewish children's homes are no longer safe. The decision is made to disperse them following the example set by the OSE's underground circuit known as "Garel." The children are placed in Christian religious institutions, with private families, on farms and with paid caretakers where they join French children sent to the countryside to escape hunger and tension in the cities.

Rescue channels are created, such as the ones led by André Bass or by the so-called "Monsieur Marcel". The latter, organized with the help of the Bishop of Nice, Monsignor Paul Rémond is actually operated by a Jewish couple, Odette (Rosenstock) and Moussa Abadi.

* On 6 August 1942, the first convoy is dispatched from Gurs on orders of the Vichy government. Convoys from other camps in the south soon follow.

15

Rescue

After the raids of July and August 1942, most hiding opportunities come about through personal and family connections.

Hiding on One's Own

Living in clandestinity, one finds:

- entire families, hiding together

- families already torn apart by the incarceration of a parent,

- children alone, placed by their parents,

- children alone, hidden through their own initiative,

- children dispersed by Jewish organizations, with the help of the entire Protestant Church, including the Protestant Scout movement, and that of a very active part of the Catholic clergy.

The public positions taken by responsible leaders in the Churches and by other respected personalities greatly encouraged the participation of the population at-large in rescue efforts.

The children, mostly from urban backgrounds, discover the countryside for the first time — sometimes for better, sometimes for the worse.

Some children are destabilized by the need to change their identities, their religion, and their residences, from one hiding place to another.

Jewish and non-Jewish organizations hid 10,000 to 12,000 children at first in groups, then individually. This represents about 15% to 20% of the Jewish children in France at the start of the war.

The others, approximately 50,000 children, are hidden alone or with parents.

  16

Rescue

Escape to foreign countries

Under urgent pressure, several associations help a small number of children to cross the border into neutral Switzerland or Spain. They brave German border patrols and their attack dogs, risk expulsion back into German-held territory by Swiss border guards, and cope with unreliable smugglers hired to facilitate the clandestine passage.

Some priests and pastors join the Resistance movement and help to set up a network for smuggling children into Switzerland. Jean Rosay, the parish priest in Douvaine, and Abbot Jolivet, priest in Collonges-sous-Salève, are among those engaged in this effort.

Border “passers” such as Rolande Birgy, the “young girl with the blue béret,” and Jeanne Bach, wife of the pastor in Annemasse, and numerous others thereby saved many children.

In the same vein, Jews are very active in the border crossings.

Georges Loinger of the OSE staff successfully passes about one thousand children into Switzerland, aided by Monsieur Balthazar of the Secours National, a Vichy government social welfare agency! (see page 19). Elizabeth Hirsch (“Böszi" - Buzhee -) of OSE leads other children over the Pyrénées into Spain.

The MJS and AJ (see page 19) also participate in these smuggling operations.

Marianne Cohn and Mila Racine, resisters within the MJS, are busy in the Annecy region organizing clandestine passage into Switzerland. They are arrested while leading groups of children to safety, Mila on 21 October 1943 and Marianne on 1 June 1944. They are incarcerated in the prison of Annemasse with the children in their groups. The younger children are set free because of the intervention of Jean Deffaugt, mayor of Annemasse. But the heroic young women meet a tragic end.

17

Liberation

When France is liberated, most children await the return of their parents, in vain.

Of 76,000 deported Jews - 11,000 of them children - 2500 return in the summer of 1945, a few adolescents among them. The orphans of the deported are welcomed in Jewish and non-Jewish children's homes. Several organizations search for the orphans' families, hoping to reunite them. Some children are adopted by relatives in France or abroad.

With the financial help of the JOINT and, later, the French government, the Jewish organizations open fifty homes for thousands of orphans and for some children whose parents are homeless and jobless. These children go on with their lives wihtout losing their Jewish identity. They are educated and trained for economic independence. Secular and state-run orphanages also take in children and provide them with education and skills-training.

But painful issues linger on: religious conversions: the Jewish community, with help from some Catholic clergy, notably Father Braun, establishes a centralized search facility to locate the small number of children still in institutions or with Catholic families. Restoring the children to the community is a grueling undertaking, in some instances requiring the intervention of the courts, as in the famous case of the Finaly brothers. and the aftermath: the orphans find themselves alone in life; sometimes, they are in the hands of an ill-chosen replacement for a lost parent. Mourning is discouraged. others live with their parents, who themselves are devastated by memories of the war and the destruction of their families.

  18

The Righteous

While humanity was held hostage, some people – men and women, young and old – came to the fore to save Jewish lives, particularly children. In France, several hundred rescuers, Jews and non-Jews, were arrested, shot or deported.

While humanity was held hostage, some people – men and women, young and old – came to the fore to save Jewish lives, particularly children. In France, several hundred rescuers, Jews and non-Jews, were arrested, shot or deported.

A Righteous is an individual who has knowingly endangered her/his life to save a Jew, without expecting any material compensation. Among the Righteous who have been recognized, those who are little known and those who remain completely unknown, are the residents of entire villages, of whole neighborhoods, concierges, farmers, teachers, leaders of charitable organizations, members of the clergy, some government officials, some mayors – in short, representatives of the entire population. *in Hebrew: Hassidey Oomot Haolam

Conclusion

Eleven thousand Jewish children, French citizens and foreigners, were deported. With rare exceptions, they did not come back.

Despite the active collaboration of Maréchal Pétain's government with the Nazis, the proportion of child survivors in France is larger than in most other countries.

The principal reasons are: France was the first country to be liberated in Europe. The Germans had few resources within the country and without the help of the French administration, their effectiveness would have been lesser. Until November 1942, conditions in the “Free” Zone were more favorable to hiding. In relation to the number of hidden children, there were but few denunciations to the authorities. Finally, the role taken by the Righteous had greatly contributed to the rescue of children, and, possibly, to saving the lost honor of France.

Fifty years later, the survivors of the Shoah are still strongly marked by the scars of this tragedy. Nor has the next generation been entirely spared.

The Major Networks

The secular networks: Entraide Temporaire (Temporary Assistance): created before the start of the war, an organization helping immigrants and the destitute.

The Catholic networks: Amitié Chrétienne (Christian Friendship): created during the war by Abbot Alexandre Glasberg, Father Pierre Chaillet, and Germaine Ribière. Father Théomir Devaux: of the order of Zion. Created a rescue network in Paris.

The Protestant networks: CIMADE: Committee of coordination to assist the displaced. Quakers: American Friends Service Committee, a Protestant organization. Secours Suisse aux Enfants (Swiss Help to Children): social welfare organization, off-shoot of the Swiss Red Cross.

The Jewish Networks: AJ: the Jewish Army. Armed Jewish resistance organization. Colonie Scolaire: a.k.a. “Rue Amelot” (from its address in Paris) and later as “Mother and Child”: a Jewish pediatric clinic, transformed into a center for rescue and resistance. EIF: the network of the Jewish Boy and Girl Scouts of France, known as “the 6th.” ORT: Organization for Rehabilitation and Training. Started in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1880 to promote industrial and agricultural skills among Jews. Their centers for technical and professional training enjoy a high reputation. OSE: (Œuvre de Secours aux Enfants) a Jewish child welfare organization, founded in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1912. The organization cared for and hid several thousand children. MJS: the Zionist Youth Movement. Réseau Marcel: The Marcel Network. Founded in Nice by a Jewish couple, Moussa and Odette (Rosenstock) Abadi, with help from Monsignor Rémond. WIZO: Women’s International Zionist Organization. Jewish charitable organization.

The Political Networks: Bund: a secular organiation, founded in Poland, that promoted unionism and Yiddish culture. MNCR: National Movement to Combat Racism. An inclusive broad-based citizen group. UJRE: Jewish Union for Resistance and Mutual Assistance, off-shoot of MOI (Immigrant Workers) a part of FTP, a communist Partisans group. After the war, it became known as CCE, the Central Commission on Children.

Organizations connected to the Vichy government, redirected to rescue Jewish children through the individual acts of resistance of its personnel: Secours National: under the umbrella of this Pétainist welfare organization, some resisters hid Jewish children. Among others: Yvonne Hagnauer, director of "La Petite République” hid children in that boarding school for dependent children; Monsieur Balthazar helped smuggle children into Switzerland.

Organization that financed rescue and post-war social welfare projects: JOINT: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, the prime source of funding (via Switzerland).

  20

Bibliography

Most of the relevant books are available only in French. A list is available from the Association by writing to its office in Paris. The following have been published in English: “French Children of the Holocaust: a Memorial” by Serge Klarsfeld, New York University Press, 1996. “Memorial to the Jews Deported from France: 1942-1944" by Serge Klarsfeld, Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, NY, 1983. “The Jews in France During World War II” by Renée Poznanski, University Press of New England, 2002. “I Didn’t Say Goodbye: Interviews with Children of the Holocaust” by Claudine Vegh, Editor E.P. Dutton, 1985. “Rescuing the Children:” by Yvette Samuel, University of Wisconsin Press, 2002. “The Children of Chabannes,” a film on the arrest of children on 26 August 1942, Perennial Pictures, 1999.

Note: Most photographs and other documents come from collections held by the "CDJC", Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine (Center for Contemporary Jewish Documentation), a major Holocaust archive on the persecutions in France which was started during the war in Grenoble. It is now located in Paris at the same address as our Association.

The Association of Hidden Children of France

Founded in 1992, the Association is a non-political, non-sectarian organization. It addresses the concerns of individuals who were children during World War II, living in hiding to escape the Nazi persecutions. The Association’s objectives are: To permit such individuals to speak freely of their stolen childhoods, often lived separated from parents, in fear and in pursuit, and to speak about their difficult lives in the immediate post-war period. To leave a record of the tragedy of these surviving children. To that end, several projects have been completed: A library of hidden children’s testimonies (recordings and transcriptions), A statistical report on the children hidden, Academic theses on the rescue networks, Maps on the location of concentration camps in France and in Europe, for use in Holocaust education, Nearly 40 quarterly newsletters telling the story of the Jewish children in France during the war.

All these documents are made available to researchers, historians, teachers or concerned individuals.

The Association of Hidden Children of France 17 rue Geoffroy-l'Asnier – 75004 Paris – France Phone/fax: +33 1 42 78 60 30 – Email: enfants.caches@memorial-cdjc.org This Booklet issued in French in 2001 by the Hidden Children of France (“Association des Enfants Cachés") was produced by Joe Saville and translated by Gerda Bikal (covered by tag) Translation and Distribution in USA Made Poss (covered by tag) Friends and Alumni of OSE-USA (covered by tag) Post Office Box 55, Rockville, MD 20(covered by tag) Phone: +1 301.984.0736 - Email: secr(covered by tag)

(Tag torn at bottom) –N-X20848 2 (illegible) $5.00 *JEWISH CHLDR OF FR USHMM SHOP 08/03